While often undiagnosed, 1 in 9 Americans has a thyroid disorder. Diagnosis and proper care can make a significant difference in daily activities and overall health, making detection important. So what is the thyroid gland and what should you be looking for? Your thyroid is a small butterfly shaped gland in your neck which produces hormones that play a critical role in almost every bodily function. Among other things, these hormones play key roles in metabolism—the process that allows you to get energy from
food. The main hormone your thyroid gland produces is thyroxine (T4). Your body has a very sensitive mechanism to keep these levels at an ideal range, and when this fails, a wide range of symptoms may develop. Anyone can develop a thyroid disorder, though it occurs more commonly in women and as we age. It also tends to run in families.
Different thyroid problems cause different symptoms and are treated differently. Common thyroid disorders and problems include:
Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) is a disorder in which your thyroid doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone, and is most commonly caused by an autoimmune
process. However, it is important to note that many medications may also cause hypothyroidism. Your T4 levels will drop and in response, the pituitary gland in the brain will try to stimulate thyroid production by producing a hormone known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Most people who have an underactive thyroid gland will have low blood levels of T4 and high blood levels of TSH. Common symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation and cramping, hair loss, as well as impaired memory, depression, and slowed heart rate. Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) is a disorder in which your thyroid gland produces a level of thyroid
hormones that is too high. This may be caused by an autoimmune process, a recent illness, or a growth (nodule) on the gland that is secreting excess hormone. Hyperthyroidism can speed up your body’s metabolism, causing different symptoms including fast or irregular heart rate, sweating, and weight loss. However, older adults may also develop a form of hyperthyroidism known as apathetic thyrotoxicosis, which causes many symptoms similar to hypothyroidism. Thyroid Nodules Thyroid nodules are solid or fluid-filled growths that develop anywhere on your thyroid gland. These are very common and also increase in frequency as we age. It is very common to find these by chance, for
example when undergoing a carotid ultrasound during a workup with your cardiologist. About 95% of these are benign, but your endocrinologist may order a fine needle aspiration (biopsy) to rule out cancer depending on the size and features of the nodules on ultrasound. Often these nodules do not cause any symptoms and may go undetected for years. Thyroid Cancer A thyroid biopsy performed by your endocrinologist or radiologist can distinguish cancerous vs benign nodules. While the majority of thyroid cancer is spontaneous, some are caused by a history of radiation to the neck or a family history of thyroid cancer. Thyroid cancer is treated with surgery and sometimes
with radioactive iodine afterwards. Though you can’t see it, your thyroid is playing a critical role in your health everyday. If you’re not feeling yourself, it may be to blame. If you have noticed some of these symptoms, ask your doctor to check your thyroid function. Shira Eytan, MD is a board-certified endocrinologist practicing at Park Avenue Endocrinology and Nutrition at 103 East 75th Street. She is affiliated with Lenox Hill Hospital, Mount Sinai, and NYU. www.Parkavendo.com
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